Cook the pasta: Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil.
Cook pasta until just al dente. Drain and rinse briefly under cool water to stop cooking. Toss with a drizzle of olive oil to prevent sticking and set aside to cool.
Brown the meat: In a large skillet over medium-high heat, cook the ground turkey or beef, breaking it up as it browns.
Season with a pinch of salt and pepper. Cook until no longer pink, 6–8 minutes. Let it cool slightly.
Mix the dressing: In a bowl, whisk together Greek yogurt, mayonnaise, lime juice, chili powder, cumin, smoked paprika, garlic powder, onion powder, salt, and pepper.
Add 1–2 tablespoons water or milk to reach a creamy, pourable consistency. Taste and adjust lime or salt as needed.
Prep the veggies: Dice the red bell pepper, halve the cherry tomatoes, finely chop the red onion, and roughly chop the cilantro. Rinse and drain the black beans and prepare the corn.
Combine: In a large mixing bowl, add the cooled pasta, cooked meat, black beans, corn, bell pepper, tomatoes, red onion, and cilantro.
Pour over most of the dressing and toss until evenly coated. If adding cheese, fold it in now.
Chill: Cover and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes to let the flavors meld. The pasta may absorb some dressing as it chills.
Finish and serve: Just before serving, add the diced avocado and the remaining dressing to refresh the salad’s creaminess.
Squeeze an extra splash of lime if it needs brightness. Top with jalapeños or crushed tortilla chips if you like.