Brown the turkey. Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high.
Add the ground turkey, season with salt and pepper, and cook until lightly browned, breaking it into small pieces. Transfer to the slow cooker.
Sauté the aromatics. In the same skillet, add onion, carrots, and celery with a pinch of salt. Cook 5–6 minutes until softened.
Stir in garlic and tomato paste; cook 1 minute until fragrant. Add this mixture to the slow cooker.
Load the slow cooker. Add diced tomatoes, broth, zucchini, beans, Italian seasoning, oregano, red pepper flakes (if using), bay leaf, and the Parmesan rind if you have one. Stir to combine.
Cook low and slow. Cover and cook on Low for 6–8 hours or High for 3–4 hours, until vegetables are tender and flavors have melded.
Add the pasta. About 25–30 minutes before serving, stir in the pasta.
Cook until al dente. If the soup looks thick, add a splash of hot water or extra broth.
Finish with greens. Stir in spinach or kale and cook just until wilted, 2–5 minutes. Remove bay leaf and Parmesan rind.
Taste and adjust salt and pepper.
Brighten and serve. Squeeze in 1–2 teaspoons of fresh lemon juice to lift the flavors. Ladle into bowls and top with grated Parmesan and chopped herbs.